The International Journal of Technology, Innovation, and Education

ISSN: 2820 – 7521

Volume 4, 2026 – Issue 3

Ethics, Society, Education and Culture in the Age of AI: A Critical Interdisciplinary Review

Abstract

Artificial intelligence has moved beyond its role as a technological innovation and increasingly influences how contemporary societies organize knowledge, labour, governance, culture, and public life. Instead of approaching AI as a self-contained computational achievement, this article examines it as a multidimensional civilizational phenomenon whose consequences are inseparable from the ethical, political, and cultural structures within which intelligent systems are conceived, deployed, and governed. The analysis demonstrates that the rise of algorithmic systems simultaneously redistributes authority, reshapes economic relations, transforms educational practice and reconfigures the production of cultural memory. Equally significant is the finding that the social risks commonly associated with AI, including algorithmic bias, labour displacement, computational misinformation and the erosion of democratic deliberation, do not arise from technological autonomy itself but from historically situated institutional choices, unequal data regimes and contested structures of political and economic power. Ultimately, the future of artificial intelligence will be determined less by advances in computational capability than by humanity’s continuing capacity to ensure that technological innovation remains subordinate to the enduring values that sustain collective life.

Keywords: artificial intelligence, algorithmic governance, AI ethics, education, misinformation, cultural memory 

Published

—

Section

How to Cite (APA)
16359756 {16359756:QLQ6ULJH} 1 apa 50 default 2894 https://ijtie.com/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3Afalse%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A0%2C%22request_next%22%3A0%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%22QLQ6ULJH%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A16359756%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bellahrach%20and%20Hinda%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222026-10-31%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BBellahrach%2C%20A.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Hinda%2C%20A.%20%282026%29.%20Ethics%2C%20society%2C%20education%20and%20culture%20in%20the%20age%20of%20AI%3A%20A%20critical%20interdisciplinary%20review.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BThe%20International%20Journal%20of%20Technology%2C%20Innovation%2C%20and%20Education%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B4%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%283%29%2C%20487%26%23×2013%3B509.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5281%5C%2Fzenodo.23786053%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5281%5C%2Fzenodo.23786053%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Ethics%2C%20society%2C%20education%20and%20culture%20in%20the%20age%20of%20AI%3A%20A%20critical%20interdisciplinary%20review%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Adil%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bellahrach%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Abdeladim%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hinda%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Artificial%20intelligence%20has%20moved%20beyond%20its%20role%20as%20a%20technological%20innovation%20and%20increasingly%20influences%20how%20contemporary%20societies%20organize%20knowledge%2C%20labour%2C%20governance%2C%20culture%2C%20and%20public%20life.%20Instead%20of%20approaching%20AI%20as%20a%20self-contained%20computational%20achievement%2C%20this%20article%20examines%20it%20as%20a%20multidimensional%20civilizational%20phenomenon%20whose%20consequences%20are%20inseparable%20from%20the%20ethical%2C%20political%2C%20and%20cultural%20structures%20within%20which%20intelligent%20systems%20are%20conceived%2C%20deployed%2C%20and%20governed.%20The%20analysis%20demonstrates%20that%20the%20rise%20of%20algorithmic%20systems%20simultaneously%20redistributes%20authority%2C%20reshapes%20economic%20relations%2C%20transforms%20educational%20practice%20and%20reconfigures%20the%20production%20of%20cultural%20memory.%20Equally%20significant%20is%20the%20finding%20that%20the%20social%20risks%20commonly%20associated%20with%20AI%2C%20including%20algorithmic%20bias%2C%20labour%20displacement%2C%20computational%20misinformation%20and%20the%20erosion%20of%20democratic%20deliberation%2C%20do%20not%20arise%20from%20technological%20autonomy%20itself%20but%20from%20historically%20situated%20institutional%20choices%2C%20unequal%20data%20regimes%20and%20contested%20structures%20of%20political%20and%20economic%20power.%20Ultimately%2C%20the%20future%20of%20artificial%20intelligence%20will%20be%20determined%20less%20by%20advances%20in%20computational%20capability%20than%20by%20humanity%26%23039%3Bs%20continuing%20capacity%20to%20ensure%20that%20technological%20innovation%20remains%20subordinate%20to%20the%20enduring%20values%20that%20sustain%20collective%20life.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222026-10-31%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.5281%5C%2Fzenodo.23786053%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fijtie.com%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fuploads%5C%2F2026%5C%2F10%5C%2FN40398.pdf%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222820-7521%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22QWYM8LHH%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-10-30T01%3A48%3A21Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D
Bellahrach, A., & Hinda, A. (2026). Ethics, society, education and culture in the age of AI: A critical interdisciplinary review. The International Journal of Technology, Innovation, and Education, 4(3), 487–509. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23786053

Chicago
MLA
IEEE
Harvard
Vancouver
APA
Chicago
Chicago
MLA
IEEE
Harvard
Vancouver
APA
16359756 {16359756:QLQ6ULJH} 1 chicago-author-date 50 default 2894 https://ijtie.com/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3Afalse%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A0%2C%22request_next%22%3A0%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%22QLQ6ULJH%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A16359756%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bellahrach%20and%20Hinda%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222026-10-31%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BBellahrach%2C%20Adil%2C%20and%20Abdeladim%20Hinda.%202026.%20%26%23x201C%3BEthics%2C%20Society%2C%20Education%20and%20Culture%20in%20the%20Age%20of%20AI%3A%20A%20Critical%20Interdisciplinary%20Review.%26%23x201D%3B%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BThe%20International%20Journal%20of%20Technology%2C%20Innovation%2C%20and%20Education%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%204%20%283%29%3A%20487%26%23×2013%3B509.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5281%5C%2Fzenodo.23786053%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5281%5C%2Fzenodo.23786053%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B.%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Ethics%2C%20society%2C%20education%20and%20culture%20in%20the%20age%20of%20AI%3A%20A%20critical%20interdisciplinary%20review%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Adil%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bellahrach%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Abdeladim%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hinda%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Artificial%20intelligence%20has%20moved%20beyond%20its%20role%20as%20a%20technological%20innovation%20and%20increasingly%20influences%20how%20contemporary%20societies%20organize%20knowledge%2C%20labour%2C%20governance%2C%20culture%2C%20and%20public%20life.%20Instead%20of%20approaching%20AI%20as%20a%20self-contained%20computational%20achievement%2C%20this%20article%20examines%20it%20as%20a%20multidimensional%20civilizational%20phenomenon%20whose%20consequences%20are%20inseparable%20from%20the%20ethical%2C%20political%2C%20and%20cultural%20structures%20within%20which%20intelligent%20systems%20are%20conceived%2C%20deployed%2C%20and%20governed.%20The%20analysis%20demonstrates%20that%20the%20rise%20of%20algorithmic%20systems%20simultaneously%20redistributes%20authority%2C%20reshapes%20economic%20relations%2C%20transforms%20educational%20practice%20and%20reconfigures%20the%20production%20of%20cultural%20memory.%20Equally%20significant%20is%20the%20finding%20that%20the%20social%20risks%20commonly%20associated%20with%20AI%2C%20including%20algorithmic%20bias%2C%20labour%20displacement%2C%20computational%20misinformation%20and%20the%20erosion%20of%20democratic%20deliberation%2C%20do%20not%20arise%20from%20technological%20autonomy%20itself%20but%20from%20historically%20situated%20institutional%20choices%2C%20unequal%20data%20regimes%20and%20contested%20structures%20of%20political%20and%20economic%20power.%20Ultimately%2C%20the%20future%20of%20artificial%20intelligence%20will%20be%20determined%20less%20by%20advances%20in%20computational%20capability%20than%20by%20humanity%26%23039%3Bs%20continuing%20capacity%20to%20ensure%20that%20technological%20innovation%20remains%20subordinate%20to%20the%20enduring%20values%20that%20sustain%20collective%20life.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222026-10-31%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.5281%5C%2Fzenodo.23786053%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fijtie.com%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fuploads%5C%2F2026%5C%2F10%5C%2FN40398.pdf%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222820-7521%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22QWYM8LHH%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-10-30T01%3A48%3A21Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D
Bellahrach, Adil, and Abdeladim Hinda. 2026. “Ethics, Society, Education and Culture in the Age of AI: A Critical Interdisciplinary Review.” The International Journal of Technology, Innovation, and Education 4 (3): 487–509. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23786053.

16359756 {16359756:QLQ6ULJH} 1 modern-language-association 50 default 2894 https://ijtie.com/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3Afalse%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A0%2C%22request_next%22%3A0%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%22QLQ6ULJH%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A16359756%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bellahrach%20and%20Hinda%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222026-10-31%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BBellahrach%2C%20Adil%2C%20and%20Abdeladim%20Hinda.%20%26%23x201C%3BEthics%2C%20Society%2C%20Education%20and%20Culture%20in%20the%20Age%20of%20AI%3A%20A%20Critical%20Interdisciplinary%20Review.%26%23x201D%3B%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BThe%20International%20Journal%20of%20Technology%2C%20Innovation%2C%20and%20Education%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20vol.%204%2C%20no.%203%2C%20Oct.%202026%2C%20pp.%20487%26%23×2013%3B509%2C%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5281%5C%2Fzenodo.23786053%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5281%5C%2Fzenodo.23786053%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B.%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Ethics%2C%20society%2C%20education%20and%20culture%20in%20the%20age%20of%20AI%3A%20A%20critical%20interdisciplinary%20review%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Adil%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bellahrach%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Abdeladim%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hinda%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Artificial%20intelligence%20has%20moved%20beyond%20its%20role%20as%20a%20technological%20innovation%20and%20increasingly%20influences%20how%20contemporary%20societies%20organize%20knowledge%2C%20labour%2C%20governance%2C%20culture%2C%20and%20public%20life.%20Instead%20of%20approaching%20AI%20as%20a%20self-contained%20computational%20achievement%2C%20this%20article%20examines%20it%20as%20a%20multidimensional%20civilizational%20phenomenon%20whose%20consequences%20are%20inseparable%20from%20the%20ethical%2C%20political%2C%20and%20cultural%20structures%20within%20which%20intelligent%20systems%20are%20conceived%2C%20deployed%2C%20and%20governed.%20The%20analysis%20demonstrates%20that%20the%20rise%20of%20algorithmic%20systems%20simultaneously%20redistributes%20authority%2C%20reshapes%20economic%20relations%2C%20transforms%20educational%20practice%20and%20reconfigures%20the%20production%20of%20cultural%20memory.%20Equally%20significant%20is%20the%20finding%20that%20the%20social%20risks%20commonly%20associated%20with%20AI%2C%20including%20algorithmic%20bias%2C%20labour%20displacement%2C%20computational%20misinformation%20and%20the%20erosion%20of%20democratic%20deliberation%2C%20do%20not%20arise%20from%20technological%20autonomy%20itself%20but%20from%20historically%20situated%20institutional%20choices%2C%20unequal%20data%20regimes%20and%20contested%20structures%20of%20political%20and%20economic%20power.%20Ultimately%2C%20the%20future%20of%20artificial%20intelligence%20will%20be%20determined%20less%20by%20advances%20in%20computational%20capability%20than%20by%20humanity%26%23039%3Bs%20continuing%20capacity%20to%20ensure%20that%20technological%20innovation%20remains%20subordinate%20to%20the%20enduring%20values%20that%20sustain%20collective%20life.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222026-10-31%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.5281%5C%2Fzenodo.23786053%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fijtie.com%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fuploads%5C%2F2026%5C%2F10%5C%2FN40398.pdf%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222820-7521%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22QWYM8LHH%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-10-30T01%3A48%3A21Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D
Bellahrach, Adil, and Abdeladim Hinda. “Ethics, Society, Education and Culture in the Age of AI: A Critical Interdisciplinary Review.” The International Journal of Technology, Innovation, and Education, vol. 4, no. 3, Oct. 2026, pp. 487–509, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23786053.

16359756 {16359756:QLQ6ULJH} 1 ieee 50 default 2894 https://ijtie.com/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3Afalse%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A0%2C%22request_next%22%3A0%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%22QLQ6ULJH%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A16359756%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bellahrach%20and%20Hinda%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222026-10-31%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bclear%3A%20left%3B%20%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-left-margin%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bfloat%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5B1%5D%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-right-inline%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bmargin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3BA.%20Bellahrach%20and%20A.%20Hinda%2C%20%26%23x201C%3BEthics%2C%20society%2C%20education%20and%20culture%20in%20the%20age%20of%20AI%3A%20A%20critical%20interdisciplinary%20review%2C%26%23x201D%3B%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BThe%20International%20Journal%20of%20Technology%2C%20Innovation%2C%20and%20Education%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20vol.%204%2C%20no.%203%2C%20pp.%20487%26%23×2013%3B509%2C%20Oct.%202026%2C%20doi%3A%2010.5281%5C%2Fzenodo.23786053.%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Ethics%2C%20society%2C%20education%20and%20culture%20in%20the%20age%20of%20AI%3A%20A%20critical%20interdisciplinary%20review%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Adil%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bellahrach%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Abdeladim%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hinda%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Artificial%20intelligence%20has%20moved%20beyond%20its%20role%20as%20a%20technological%20innovation%20and%20increasingly%20influences%20how%20contemporary%20societies%20organize%20knowledge%2C%20labour%2C%20governance%2C%20culture%2C%20and%20public%20life.%20Instead%20of%20approaching%20AI%20as%20a%20self-contained%20computational%20achievement%2C%20this%20article%20examines%20it%20as%20a%20multidimensional%20civilizational%20phenomenon%20whose%20consequences%20are%20inseparable%20from%20the%20ethical%2C%20political%2C%20and%20cultural%20structures%20within%20which%20intelligent%20systems%20are%20conceived%2C%20deployed%2C%20and%20governed.%20The%20analysis%20demonstrates%20that%20the%20rise%20of%20algorithmic%20systems%20simultaneously%20redistributes%20authority%2C%20reshapes%20economic%20relations%2C%20transforms%20educational%20practice%20and%20reconfigures%20the%20production%20of%20cultural%20memory.%20Equally%20significant%20is%20the%20finding%20that%20the%20social%20risks%20commonly%20associated%20with%20AI%2C%20including%20algorithmic%20bias%2C%20labour%20displacement%2C%20computational%20misinformation%20and%20the%20erosion%20of%20democratic%20deliberation%2C%20do%20not%20arise%20from%20technological%20autonomy%20itself%20but%20from%20historically%20situated%20institutional%20choices%2C%20unequal%20data%20regimes%20and%20contested%20structures%20of%20political%20and%20economic%20power.%20Ultimately%2C%20the%20future%20of%20artificial%20intelligence%20will%20be%20determined%20less%20by%20advances%20in%20computational%20capability%20than%20by%20humanity%26%23039%3Bs%20continuing%20capacity%20to%20ensure%20that%20technological%20innovation%20remains%20subordinate%20to%20the%20enduring%20values%20that%20sustain%20collective%20life.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222026-10-31%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.5281%5C%2Fzenodo.23786053%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fijtie.com%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fuploads%5C%2F2026%5C%2F10%5C%2FN40398.pdf%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222820-7521%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22QWYM8LHH%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-10-30T01%3A48%3A21Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D
[1]
A. Bellahrach and A. Hinda, “Ethics, society, education and culture in the age of AI: A critical interdisciplinary review,” The International Journal of Technology, Innovation, and Education, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 487–509, Oct. 2026, doi: 10.5281/zenodo.23786053.

16359756 {16359756:QLQ6ULJH} 1 harvard1 50 default 2894 https://ijtie.com/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3Afalse%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A0%2C%22request_next%22%3A0%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%22QLQ6ULJH%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A16359756%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bellahrach%20and%20Hinda%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222026-10-31%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BBellahrach%2C%20A.%20and%20Hinda%2C%20A.%20%282026%29%20%26%23x201C%3BEthics%2C%20society%2C%20education%20and%20culture%20in%20the%20age%20of%20AI%3A%20A%20critical%20interdisciplinary%20review%2C%26%23x201D%3B%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BThe%20International%20Journal%20of%20Technology%2C%20Innovation%2C%20and%20Education%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%204%283%29%2C%20pp.%20487%26%23×2013%3B509.%20Available%20at%3A%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5281%5C%2Fzenodo.23786053%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5281%5C%2Fzenodo.23786053%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B.%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Ethics%2C%20society%2C%20education%20and%20culture%20in%20the%20age%20of%20AI%3A%20A%20critical%20interdisciplinary%20review%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Adil%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bellahrach%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Abdeladim%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hinda%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Artificial%20intelligence%20has%20moved%20beyond%20its%20role%20as%20a%20technological%20innovation%20and%20increasingly%20influences%20how%20contemporary%20societies%20organize%20knowledge%2C%20labour%2C%20governance%2C%20culture%2C%20and%20public%20life.%20Instead%20of%20approaching%20AI%20as%20a%20self-contained%20computational%20achievement%2C%20this%20article%20examines%20it%20as%20a%20multidimensional%20civilizational%20phenomenon%20whose%20consequences%20are%20inseparable%20from%20the%20ethical%2C%20political%2C%20and%20cultural%20structures%20within%20which%20intelligent%20systems%20are%20conceived%2C%20deployed%2C%20and%20governed.%20The%20analysis%20demonstrates%20that%20the%20rise%20of%20algorithmic%20systems%20simultaneously%20redistributes%20authority%2C%20reshapes%20economic%20relations%2C%20transforms%20educational%20practice%20and%20reconfigures%20the%20production%20of%20cultural%20memory.%20Equally%20significant%20is%20the%20finding%20that%20the%20social%20risks%20commonly%20associated%20with%20AI%2C%20including%20algorithmic%20bias%2C%20labour%20displacement%2C%20computational%20misinformation%20and%20the%20erosion%20of%20democratic%20deliberation%2C%20do%20not%20arise%20from%20technological%20autonomy%20itself%20but%20from%20historically%20situated%20institutional%20choices%2C%20unequal%20data%20regimes%20and%20contested%20structures%20of%20political%20and%20economic%20power.%20Ultimately%2C%20the%20future%20of%20artificial%20intelligence%20will%20be%20determined%20less%20by%20advances%20in%20computational%20capability%20than%20by%20humanity%26%23039%3Bs%20continuing%20capacity%20to%20ensure%20that%20technological%20innovation%20remains%20subordinate%20to%20the%20enduring%20values%20that%20sustain%20collective%20life.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222026-10-31%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.5281%5C%2Fzenodo.23786053%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fijtie.com%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fuploads%5C%2F2026%5C%2F10%5C%2FN40398.pdf%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222820-7521%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22QWYM8LHH%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-10-30T01%3A48%3A21Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D
Bellahrach, A. and Hinda, A. (2026) “Ethics, society, education and culture in the age of AI: A critical interdisciplinary review,” The International Journal of Technology, Innovation, and Education, 4(3), pp. 487–509. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23786053.

16359756 {16359756:QLQ6ULJH} 1 vancouver-author-date 50 default 2894 https://ijtie.com/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3Afalse%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A0%2C%22request_next%22%3A0%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%22QLQ6ULJH%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A16359756%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bellahrach%20and%20Hinda%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222026-10-31%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BBellahrach%20A%2C%20Hinda%20A.%20Ethics%2C%20society%2C%20education%20and%20culture%20in%20the%20age%20of%20AI%3A%20A%20critical%20interdisciplinary%20review.%20The%20International%20Journal%20of%20Technology%2C%20Innovation%2C%20and%20Education%20%5BInternet%5D.%202026%20Oct%2031%3B4%283%29%3A487%26%23×2013%3B509.%20Available%20from%3A%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fijtie.com%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fuploads%5C%2F2026%5C%2F10%5C%2FN40398.pdf%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fijtie.com%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fuploads%5C%2F2026%5C%2F10%5C%2FN40398.pdf%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Ethics%2C%20society%2C%20education%20and%20culture%20in%20the%20age%20of%20AI%3A%20A%20critical%20interdisciplinary%20review%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Adil%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bellahrach%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Abdeladim%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hinda%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Artificial%20intelligence%20has%20moved%20beyond%20its%20role%20as%20a%20technological%20innovation%20and%20increasingly%20influences%20how%20contemporary%20societies%20organize%20knowledge%2C%20labour%2C%20governance%2C%20culture%2C%20and%20public%20life.%20Instead%20of%20approaching%20AI%20as%20a%20self-contained%20computational%20achievement%2C%20this%20article%20examines%20it%20as%20a%20multidimensional%20civilizational%20phenomenon%20whose%20consequences%20are%20inseparable%20from%20the%20ethical%2C%20political%2C%20and%20cultural%20structures%20within%20which%20intelligent%20systems%20are%20conceived%2C%20deployed%2C%20and%20governed.%20The%20analysis%20demonstrates%20that%20the%20rise%20of%20algorithmic%20systems%20simultaneously%20redistributes%20authority%2C%20reshapes%20economic%20relations%2C%20transforms%20educational%20practice%20and%20reconfigures%20the%20production%20of%20cultural%20memory.%20Equally%20significant%20is%20the%20finding%20that%20the%20social%20risks%20commonly%20associated%20with%20AI%2C%20including%20algorithmic%20bias%2C%20labour%20displacement%2C%20computational%20misinformation%20and%20the%20erosion%20of%20democratic%20deliberation%2C%20do%20not%20arise%20from%20technological%20autonomy%20itself%20but%20from%20historically%20situated%20institutional%20choices%2C%20unequal%20data%20regimes%20and%20contested%20structures%20of%20political%20and%20economic%20power.%20Ultimately%2C%20the%20future%20of%20artificial%20intelligence%20will%20be%20determined%20less%20by%20advances%20in%20computational%20capability%20than%20by%20humanity%26%23039%3Bs%20continuing%20capacity%20to%20ensure%20that%20technological%20innovation%20remains%20subordinate%20to%20the%20enduring%20values%20that%20sustain%20collective%20life.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222026-10-31%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.5281%5C%2Fzenodo.23786053%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fijtie.com%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fuploads%5C%2F2026%5C%2F10%5C%2FN40398.pdf%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222820-7521%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22QWYM8LHH%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-10-30T01%3A48%3A21Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D
Bellahrach A, Hinda A. Ethics, society, education and culture in the age of AI: A critical interdisciplinary review. The International Journal of Technology, Innovation, and Education [Internet]. 2026 Oct 31;4(3):487–509. Available from: https://ijtie.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/N40398.pdf

16359756 {16359756:QLQ6ULJH} 1 apa 50 default 2894 https://ijtie.com/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3Afalse%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A0%2C%22request_next%22%3A0%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%22QLQ6ULJH%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A16359756%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bellahrach%20and%20Hinda%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222026-10-31%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BBellahrach%2C%20A.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Hinda%2C%20A.%20%282026%29.%20Ethics%2C%20society%2C%20education%20and%20culture%20in%20the%20age%20of%20AI%3A%20A%20critical%20interdisciplinary%20review.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BThe%20International%20Journal%20of%20Technology%2C%20Innovation%2C%20and%20Education%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B4%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%283%29%2C%20487%26%23×2013%3B509.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5281%5C%2Fzenodo.23786053%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5281%5C%2Fzenodo.23786053%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Ethics%2C%20society%2C%20education%20and%20culture%20in%20the%20age%20of%20AI%3A%20A%20critical%20interdisciplinary%20review%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Adil%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bellahrach%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Abdeladim%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hinda%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Artificial%20intelligence%20has%20moved%20beyond%20its%20role%20as%20a%20technological%20innovation%20and%20increasingly%20influences%20how%20contemporary%20societies%20organize%20knowledge%2C%20labour%2C%20governance%2C%20culture%2C%20and%20public%20life.%20Instead%20of%20approaching%20AI%20as%20a%20self-contained%20computational%20achievement%2C%20this%20article%20examines%20it%20as%20a%20multidimensional%20civilizational%20phenomenon%20whose%20consequences%20are%20inseparable%20from%20the%20ethical%2C%20political%2C%20and%20cultural%20structures%20within%20which%20intelligent%20systems%20are%20conceived%2C%20deployed%2C%20and%20governed.%20The%20analysis%20demonstrates%20that%20the%20rise%20of%20algorithmic%20systems%20simultaneously%20redistributes%20authority%2C%20reshapes%20economic%20relations%2C%20transforms%20educational%20practice%20and%20reconfigures%20the%20production%20of%20cultural%20memory.%20Equally%20significant%20is%20the%20finding%20that%20the%20social%20risks%20commonly%20associated%20with%20AI%2C%20including%20algorithmic%20bias%2C%20labour%20displacement%2C%20computational%20misinformation%20and%20the%20erosion%20of%20democratic%20deliberation%2C%20do%20not%20arise%20from%20technological%20autonomy%20itself%20but%20from%20historically%20situated%20institutional%20choices%2C%20unequal%20data%20regimes%20and%20contested%20structures%20of%20political%20and%20economic%20power.%20Ultimately%2C%20the%20future%20of%20artificial%20intelligence%20will%20be%20determined%20less%20by%20advances%20in%20computational%20capability%20than%20by%20humanity%26%23039%3Bs%20continuing%20capacity%20to%20ensure%20that%20technological%20innovation%20remains%20subordinate%20to%20the%20enduring%20values%20that%20sustain%20collective%20life.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222026-10-31%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.5281%5C%2Fzenodo.23786053%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fijtie.com%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fuploads%5C%2F2026%5C%2F10%5C%2FN40398.pdf%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222820-7521%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22QWYM8LHH%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-10-30T01%3A48%3A21Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D
Bellahrach, A., & Hinda, A. (2026). Ethics, society, education and culture in the age of AI: A critical interdisciplinary review. The International Journal of Technology, Innovation, and Education, 4(3), 487–509. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23786053

References

Acemoglu, D., & Johnson, S. (2023). Power and progress: Our thousand-year struggle over technology and prosperity. PublicAffairs.

Ajunwa, I. (2023). The quantified worker: Law and technology in the modern workplace. Cambridge University Press.

Aral, S. (2020). The hype machine. Currency.

Arendt, H. (1958). The human condition. University of Chicago Press.

Arendt, H. (1961). Between past and future. Viking Press.

Assmann, A. (2020). Is time out of joint? On the rise and fall of the modern time regime. Cornell University Press.

Assmann, J. (2011). Cultural memory and early civilization: Writing, remembrance, and political imagination. Cambridge University Press.

Barocas, S., & Selbst, A. D. (2016). Big data’s disparate impact. California Law Review, 104(3), 671–732.

Bender, E. M., Gebru, T., McMillan-Major, A., & Shmitchell, S. (2021). On the dangers of stochastic parrots: Can language models be too big? In Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (pp. 610–623). ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/3442188.3445922

Benjamin, R. (2019). Race after technology: Abolitionist tools for the New Jim Code. Polity Press.

Benjamin, W. (1968). The work of art in the age of mechanical reproduction. In H. Zohn (Trans.), Illuminations. Schocken Books.

Boden, M. A. (2004). The creative mind: Myths and mechanisms (2nd ed.). Routledge.

Braidotti, R. (2013). The posthuman. Polity Press.

Brynjolfsson, E., & McAfee, A. (2014). The second machine age: Work, progress, and prosperity in a time of brilliant technologies. W. W. Norton.

Buolamwini, J., & Gebru, T. (2018). Gender shades: Intersectional accuracy disparities in commercial gender classification. Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, 81, 1–15.

Carr, N. (2010). The shallows: What the Internet is doing to our brains. W. W. Norton.

Chesney, R., & Citron, D. K. (2019). Deep fakes: A looming challenge for privacy, democracy, and national security. California Law Review, 107(6), 1753–1820.

Cohen, J. E. (2019). Between truth and power: The legal constructions of informational capitalism. Oxford University Press.

Couldry, N., & Mejias, U. A. (2019). The costs of connection: How data is colonizing human life and appropriating it for capitalism. Stanford University Press.

Crawford, K. (2021). Atlas of AI: Power, politics, and the planetary costs of artificial intelligence. Yale University Press.

Dewey, J. (1916). Democracy and education. Macmillan.

Doshi-Velez, F., & Kim, B. (2017). Towards a rigorous science of interpretable machine learning (arXiv preprint arXiv:1702.08608). https://arxiv.org/abs/1702.08608

Eubanks, V. (2018). Automating inequality: How high-tech tools profile, police, and punish the poor. St. Martin’s Press.

European Parliament. (2024). Artificial Intelligence Act. European Union.

European Union. (2024). Regulation on artificial intelligence. European Union.

Fairclough, N. (2010). Critical discourse analysis: The critical study of language (2nd ed.). Routledge.

Farid, H. (2019). Fake photos. MIT Press.

Farid, H. (2021). Digital forensics in an era of deepfakes and disinformation. Forensic Science International, 320, 110714.

Ferguson, A. G. (2017). The rise of big data policing. NYU Press.

Floridi, L. (2013). The ethics of information. Oxford University Press.

Floridi, L., & Cowls, J. (2019). A unified framework of five principles for AI in society. Harvard Data Science Review, 1(1).

Floridi, L., Cowls, J., Beltrametti, M., Chatila, R., Chazerand, P., Dignum, V., Luetge, C., Madelin, R., Pagallo, U., Rossi, F., Schafer, B., Valcke, P., & Vayena, E. (2018). AI4People: An ethical framework for a good AI society. Minds and Machines, 28(4), 689–707.

Ford, M. (2015). Rise of the robots: Technology and the threat of a jobless future. Basic Books.

Foucault, M. (1995). Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison (A. Sheridan, Trans.). Vintage Books.

Freire, P. (1970). Pedagogy of the oppressed (M. B. Ramos, Trans.). Continuum.

Frey, C. B., & Osborne, M. A. (2017). The future of employment: How susceptible are jobs to computerisation? Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 114, 254–280.

Gillespie, T. (2018). Custodians of the Internet: Platforms, content moderation, and the hidden decisions that shape social media. Yale University Press.

Habermas, J. (1984). The theory of communicative action (Vol. 1, T. McCarthy, Trans.). Beacon Press.

Halbwachs, M. (1992). On collective memory (L. A. Coser, Trans.). University of Chicago Press.

Harari, Y. N. (2017). Homo Deus: A brief history of tomorrow. Vintage.

Holmes, W., Bialik, M., & Fadel, C. (2019). Artificial intelligence in education: Promise and implications for teaching and learning. UNESCO Publishing.

International Labour Organization. (2023). World employment and social outlook 2023: The value of essential work. ILO.

Kant, I. (1996). An answer to the question: What is enlightenment? In M. J. Gregor (Trans. & Ed.), Practical philosophy. Cambridge University Press.

Kermany, D. S., Goldbaum, M., Cai, W., Valentim, C. C. S., Liang, H., Baxter, S. L., McKeown, A., Yang, G., Wu, X., Yan, F., Dong, J., Prasadha, M. K., Pei, J., Ting, M. Y. L., Zhu, J., Li, C., Hewett, S., Ziyar, I., … Zhang, K. (2018). Identifying medical diagnoses and treatable diseases by image-based deep learning. Cell, 172(5), 1122–1131.

Mayer-Schönberger, V. (2009). Delete: The virtue of forgetting in the digital age. Princeton University Press.

Mittelstadt, B. (2019). Principles alone cannot guarantee ethical AI. Nature Machine Intelligence, 1(11), 501–507.

Noble, S. U. (2018). Algorithms of oppression: How search engines reinforce racism. New York University Press.

Nora, P. (1989). Between memory and history: Les lieux de mémoire. Representations, 26, 7–24.

Nussbaum, M. C. (2010). Not for profit: Why democracy needs the humanities. Princeton University Press.

Obermeyer, Z., Powers, B., Vogeli, C., & Mullainathan, S. (2019). Dissecting racial bias in an algorithm used to manage the health of populations. Science, 366(6464), 447–453.

O’Neil, C. (2016). Weapons of math destruction: How big data increases inequality and threatens democracy. Crown.

Pariser, E. (2011). The filter bubble: What the Internet is hiding from you. Penguin Press.

Pasquale, F. (2015). The black box society: The secret algorithms that control money and information. Harvard University Press.

Postman, N. (1985). Amusing ourselves to death: Public discourse in the age of show business. Penguin Books.

Postman, N. (1993). Technopoly: The surrender of culture to technology. Vintage Books.

Rosenblat, A. (2018). Uberland: How algorithms are rewriting the rules of work. University of California Press.

Rouvroy, A., & Berns, T. (2013). Governmentality and algorithmic governmentality. Réseaux, 177(1), 163–196.

Russell, S., & Norvig, P. (2021). Artificial intelligence: A modern approach (4th ed.). Pearson.

Schwab, K. (2016). The fourth industrial revolution. World Economic Forum.

Selwyn, N. (2019). Should robots replace teachers? Artificial intelligence and the future of education. Polity Press.

Selwyn, N. (2021). Education and technology: Key issues and debates (3rd ed.). Bloomsbury Academic.

Sennett, R. (1998). The corrosion of character: The personal consequences of work in the new capitalism. W. W. Norton.

Srnicek, N., & Williams, A. (2015). Inventing the future: Postcapitalism and a world without work. Verso.

Sunstein, C. R. (2017). #Republic: Divided democracy in the age of social media. Princeton University Press.

Terras, M. (2010). Digitization and digital resources in the humanities. Ashgate.

Topol, E. (2019). Deep medicine: How artificial intelligence can make healthcare human again. Basic Books.

UNESCO. (2015). Memory of the world programme: General guidelines to safeguard documentary heritage. UNESCO Publishing.

UNESCO. (2021). Recommendation on the ethics of artificial intelligence. UNESCO Publishing.

UNESCO. (2023). Guidance for generative AI in education and research. UNESCO Publishing.

van Dijck, J. (2007). Mediated memories in the digital age. Stanford University Press.

van Dijck, J., Poell, T., & de Waal, M. (2018). The platform society: Public values in a connective world. Oxford University Press.

van Parijs, P., & Vanderborght, Y. (2017). Basic income: A radical proposal for a free society and a sane economy. Harvard University Press.

Wardle, C., & Derakhshan, H. (2017). Information disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policy making. Council of Europe Publishing.

wa Thiong’o, N. (1986). Decolonising the mind: The politics of language in African literature. James Currey.

Wiener, N. (1950). The human use of human beings: Cybernetics and society. Houghton Mifflin.

Williamson, B. (2017). Big data in education: The digital future of learning, policy and practice. SAGE Publications.

Woolley, S. C., & Howard, P. N. (2018). Computational propaganda: Political parties, politicians, and political manipulation on social media. Oxford University Press.

World Health Organization. (2020). Managing the COVID-19 infodemic: Promoting healthy behaviours and mitigating the harm from misinformation and disinformation. WHO.

World Health Organization. (2021). Ethics and governance of artificial intelligence for health. World Health Organization.

Zuboff, S. (2019). The age of surveillance capitalism: The fight for a human future at the new frontier of power. PublicAffairs.

About the authors
  1. Adil Bellahrach currently serves as a High School English Teacher and a PhD candidate
    adil.bellahrach@etu.uae.ac.ma
    ↩︎
  2. Abdeladim Hinda is a Professor of Literature and Related Fields, Abdelmalek Essaâdi University, Tetouan, Morocco
    a.hinda@uae.ac.ma
    ↩︎
DOI
TIE Journal

The International Journal of Technology, Innovation, and Education