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Volume 4, 2026 – Issue 3

The Development of Suffixal Construal among Moroccan Learners of English as a Foreign Language: A Cognitive Linguistic Approach

Mouhcine Zitouni 1* and Ahmed Ech-Charfi 2

Faculty of Education Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco

* Corresponding author: mouhcine.zitouni@um5r.ac.ma

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.23585207

Abstract

The acquisition of derivational suffixes is a very important aspect of language acquisition. This is especially true for English as a Foreign Language (EFL), as English is considered a highly derivational language. In line with the cognitive assumption that the meaning of a linguistic item includes the specific way its conceptual content is construed, this paper aimed to cross-sectionally examine the acquisition of the construal evoked by four suffixes: –ion, –al, –ment, and –ce. To this end, a three-task instrument (word formation, sentence completion, and interpretation tasks) was designed and administered to Moroccan EFL university students across four study levels: BA – S2, BA – S4, BA – S6, and MA – S2. Data analysis revealed several key findings. First, performance on the overall test differed among the groups, suggesting an effect of study level on the acquisition of suffixal construal. Group performance on the individual tasks showed an effect of study level in the word formation and sentence completion tasks, but performance on the interpretation task was rather similar. Furthermore, groups performed better on more frequent suffixes (–ion and –ment) than on less frequent suffixes (–al and –ce). It is concluded that the frequency of a suffix has an effect on the acquisition of its construal, providing practical implications for teaching.

Keywords: derivational suffixes, language acquisition, construal, cognitive linguistics, frequency, English as a Foreign Language 

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Published

2026/10/31

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Section

Research Papers

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Zitouni, M., & Ech-Charfi, A. (2026). The development of suffixal construal among Moroccan learners of English as a foreign language: A cognitive linguistic approach. The International Journal of Technology, Innovation, and Education, 4(3), 307–333. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23585207

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Zitouni, Mouhcine, and Ahmed Ech-Charfi. 2026. “The Development of Suffixal Construal among Moroccan Learners of English as a Foreign Language: A Cognitive Linguistic Approach.” The International Journal of Technology, Innovation, and Education 4 (3): 307–33. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23585207.

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Zitouni, Mouhcine, and Ahmed Ech-Charfi. “The Development of Suffixal Construal among Moroccan Learners of English as a Foreign Language: A Cognitive Linguistic Approach.” The International Journal of Technology, Innovation, and Education, vol. 4, no. 3, Oct. 2026, pp. 307–33, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23585207.

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M. Zitouni and A. Ech-Charfi, “The development of suffixal construal among Moroccan learners of English as a foreign language: A cognitive linguistic approach,” The International Journal of Technology, Innovation, and Education, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 307–333, Oct. 2026, doi: 10.5281/zenodo.23585207.

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Zitouni, M. and Ech-Charfi, A. (2026) “The development of suffixal construal among Moroccan learners of English as a foreign language: A cognitive linguistic approach,” The International Journal of Technology, Innovation, and Education, 4(3), pp. 307–333. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23585207.

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Zitouni M, Ech-Charfi A. The development of suffixal construal among Moroccan learners of English as a foreign language: A cognitive linguistic approach. The International Journal of Technology, Innovation, and Education [Internet]. 2026 Oct 31;4(3):307–33. Available from: https://ijtie.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/N40387.pdf

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%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3Afalse%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A0%2C%22request_next%22%3A0%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%22G26F8TNF%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A16359756%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Zitouni%20and%20Ech-Charfi%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222026-10-31%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BZitouni%2C%20M.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Ech-Charfi%2C%20A.%20%282026%29.%20The%20development%20of%20suffixal%20construal%20among%20Moroccan%20learners%20of%20English%20as%20a%20foreign%20language%3A%20A%20cognitive%20linguistic%20approach.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BThe%20International%20Journal%20of%20Technology%2C%20Innovation%2C%20and%20Education%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B4%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%283%29%2C%20307%26%23×2013%3B333.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5281%5C%2Fzenodo.23585207%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5281%5C%2Fzenodo.23585207%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20development%20of%20suffixal%20construal%20among%20Moroccan%20learners%20of%20English%20as%20a%20foreign%20language%3A%20A%20cognitive%20linguistic%20approach%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mouhcine%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zitouni%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ahmed%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ech-Charfi%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20acquisition%20of%20derivational%20suffixes%20is%20a%20very%20important%20aspect%20of%20language%20acquisition.%20This%20is%20especially%20true%20for%20English%20as%20a%20Foreign%20Language%20%28EFL%29%2C%20as%20English%20is%20considered%20a%20highly%20derivational%20language.%20In%20line%20with%20the%20cognitive%20assumption%20that%20the%20meaning%20of%20a%20linguistic%20item%20includes%20the%20specific%20way%20its%20conceptual%20content%20is%20construed%2C%20this%20paper%20aimed%20to%20cross-sectionally%20examine%20the%20acquisition%20of%20the%20construal%20evoked%20by%20four%20suffixes%3A%20%5Cu2013ion%2C%20%5Cu2013al%2C%20%5Cu2013ment%2C%20and%20%5Cu2013ce.%20To%20this%20end%2C%20a%20three-task%20instrument%20%28word%20formation%2C%20sentence%20completion%2C%20and%20interpretation%20tasks%29%20was%20designed%20and%20administered%20to%20Moroccan%20EFL%20university%20students%20across%20four%20study%20levels%3A%20BA%20%5Cu2013%20S2%2C%20BA%20%5Cu2013%20S4%2C%20BA%20%5Cu2013%20S6%2C%20and%20MA%20%5Cu2013%20S2.%20Data%20analysis%20revealed%20several%20key%20findings.%20First%2C%20performance%20on%20the%20overall%20test%20differed%20among%20the%20groups%2C%20suggesting%20an%20effect%20of%20study%20level%20on%20the%20acquisition%20of%20suffixal%20construal.%20Group%20performance%20on%20the%20individual%20tasks%20showed%20an%20effect%20of%20study%20level%20in%20the%20word%20formation%20and%20sentence%20completion%20tasks%2C%20but%20performance%20on%20the%20interpretation%20task%20was%20rather%20similar.%20Furthermore%2C%20groups%20performed%20better%20on%20more%20frequent%20suffixes%20%28%5Cu2013ion%20and%20%5Cu2013ment%29%20than%20on%20less%20frequent%20suffixes%20%28%5Cu2013al%20and%20%5Cu2013ce%29.%20It%20is%20concluded%20that%20the%20frequency%20of%20a%20suffix%20has%20an%20effect%20on%20the%20acquisition%20of%20its%20construal%2C%20providing%20practical%20implications%20for%20teaching.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222026-10-31%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.5281%5C%2Fzenodo.23585207%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fijtie.com%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fuploads%5C%2F2026%5C%2F10%5C%2FN40387.pdf%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222820-7521%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22QWYM8LHH%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-10-30T01%3A15%3A59Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D
Zitouni, M., & Ech-Charfi, A. (2026). The development of suffixal construal among Moroccan learners of English as a foreign language: A cognitive linguistic approach. The International Journal of Technology, Innovation, and Education, 4(3), 307–333. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23585207

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About the authors
  1. Mouhcine Zitouni is an adjunct professor and doctoral researcher affiliated with the Faculty of Education Sciences at Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco. His academic interests lie in education, language studies, and pedagogical innovation. Through his teaching and research activities, he contributes to the advancement of educational practices and the development of scholarly research in the Moroccan higher education context.
    mouhcine.zitouni@um5r.ac.ma
    ↩︎
  2. Ahmed Ech-Charfi is a Professor of Language Didactics at the Faculty of Education Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco. His research focuses on Arabic linguistics, sociolinguistics, language acquisition, multilingualism, and language policy in North Africa. He has authored numerous scholarly publications on Moroccan Arabic, language standardization, vocabulary development, and Arabic identity, and serves as a contributor to international research in linguistics and education.
    a.echcharfi@um5r.ac.ma
    ↩︎
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